Fig. 3

Mean family differences in offspring craniofacial shape in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Principal co-ordinate 1 (PC1) from Fig. 2a explains the maximal variation in early life-stage craniofacial shape. a PC1 correlated against family identity (Z_{6, 92} = 4.00, R² = 0.43, P = 0.001), with families 28, 30 and 31 differing from all other families based on least square means (P < 0.001), and b) PC2 and family (Z_{6, 92} = 4.70, R² = 0.53, P = 0.001) with families 28, 30 and 31 also differing from all other families (P < 0.01). Deformation grids are presented at the extremes of both axes to facilitate the interpretation of shape change with a ×2 magnification