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Table 1 Species tested for tetrodotoxin sensitivity

From: Long-term time-lapse live imaging reveals extensive cell migration during annelid regeneration

Phylum

Class

Species

Exposure mode & concentration

Effect

Mortality over 24 hours

Survival time

Notes

Annelida

Clitellata

Pristina leidyi

Immersion ~5–20 μM

Total paralysis

None

>10 days

 

Annelida

Clitellata

Paranais litoralis

Immersion ~5–20 μM

Total paralysis

Low

3–5 days

 

Annelida

Clitellata

Dero digitata

Immersion ~5–20 μM

Total paralysis

None

>5 days

 

Annelida

Clitellata

Nais stolci

Immersion ~5–20 μM

Total paralysis

None

>5 days

 

Annelida

Clitellata

Allonais paraguayensis

Immersion ~5–20 μM

Total paralysis

None

>5 days

 

Annelida

Clitellata

Stylaria lacustris

Immersion ~5–20 μM

Total paralysis

None

>5 days

 

Annelida

Clitellata

Lumbriculus variegatus

Immersion ~5–20 μM

Total paralysis

None

>5 days

 

Annelida

Polychaeta

Aeolosoma hemprichi

Immersion ~5–20 μM

Partial paralysis

None

>5 days

Worms retain ciliary motion

Annelida

Polychaeta

Glycera dibranchiata

Injection ~20 μL, 6 μM

Total paralysis

None

>4 days

 

Platyhelmintha

Tricladida

Schmidtea mediterranea

Immersion, injection, up to 6 mM

None

Not tested

NA

Moves by cilliary gliding

Hexapoda

Insecta

Papilio polytenes

Injection ~20 μL, 6 μM

High paralysis

Low

>3 days

Retains slow contraction/distension movement

Tardigrada

 

Hypsibius dujardini

Immersion up to 1 mM

None

Not tested

NA

 

Nemertea

Heteronemertea

Ramphogordius sanguineus

Immersion, up to 60 μM

Low-medium paralysis

None

>5 days

Worms retain ciliary motion and keep gliding slowly

Nemertea

Hoplonemertea

Prostoma eilhardi

Immersion, up to 60 μM

None

None

>5 days

Worms retain ciliary motion and keep gliding slowly

Mollusca

Cephalopoda

Loligo sp.

Immersion, up to 60 μM

Medium paralysis

Low

1–2 days

Tested on squid hatchlings only