Limb malformations in mice with mutations of Hoxa9,10,11 and Hoxd9,10,11. a–k: Alcian blue (cartilage) and Alizarin red [52] staining of E18.5 limbs. a–g Forelimb a: wild type, note size of radius, ulna, humerus, and deltoid process. b: Hoxa9,10,11
−/−, thickening of the radius and ulna. c: Hoxa9,10,11
−/−;Hoxd9,10,11
+/−, thickening and shortening of the radius and ulna, slight outgrowth of the radius. d: Hoxa9,10,11
+/−;Hoxd9,10,11
+/−, comparable to wild type in size and shape. e: Hoxd9,10,11
−/−, thin humerus, and absent deltoid process. f: Hoxa9,10,11
+/−;Hoxd9,10,11
−/−, absent deltoid process, severe shortening of the radius and ulna, large outgrowth on the radius. g: Hoxa9,10,11
−/−;Hoxd9,10,11
−/− absent deltoid process, near absence of the radius and ulna, syndactyly of digits 2 and 3. h–k Hindlimb h: Wild type, note size and separation of tibia, fibula, and tarsals. i: Hoxa9,10,11
−/−;Hoxd9,10,11
−/−, Complete distal separation and thickening of the tibia and fibula. j: Hoxa9,10,11
+/−; Hoxd9,10,11
−/−, thickening of the tibia and fibula. k: Hoxa9,10,11
−/−;Hoxd9,10,11
−/−, Shortening, thickening, and separation of the tibia and fibula, absence of tarsal. l–o: In situ hybridization of E11.5 forelimb bud. l–m Hoxd12 in situ probe. l: wild type. m: Hoxa9,10,11
−/−;Hoxd9,10,11
−/−. n–o
Hoxd13 in situ probe. n: wild type. o: Hoxa9,10,11
−/−;Hoxd9,10,11
−/−. Note similar expression levels in mutants