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Table 1 Stages of RA induced in vitro neural differentiation of NE-4C embryonic neuroectodermal stem cells

From: Generation of diverse neuronal subtypes in cloned populations of stem-like cells

No of stage

Name of stage

Days of induction

Cell biological features

Morphology of the culture

Morphology of characteristic cell types

Markers of characteristic cell types

1.

Non-induced

0

continuous proliferation

monolayer

uniform epithel-like morphology stem cells

Nestin [22], SSEA1

2.

Initial changes

1–2

proliferation; selective sensitivity to depolarization (Herberth et al 2002); Altered adhesivity (Schlett et al 2000; Tárnok et al 2002)

monolayer

uniform epithel-like morphology stem cells

Nestin [22], RC2, SSEA-1

3.

Aggregation

2–4

reduced proliferation (Schlett, Madarász 1997) aggregation; compaction; start of neurogenesis

compact aggregates

stem cells; radial glia-like cells, neuronal precursors

SSEA-1, Nestin, RC2 βIII-tubulin, neurofillament-light [15]

4.

Out-migration

3–7

migration from aggregates; neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth

outgrowth zones; monolayers around loose aggregates

radial glia-like cells; stem cells neuronal precursors

RC2, Nestin SSEA-1, MAP2, NeuN, βIII-tubulin

5

Neuronal maturation

6–11

reduction of neurogenesis; neuronal maturation (Herberth et al 2002; Jelitai et al 2002; 2006); network formation; proliferation of basal cells

neural networks on monolayer of basal cells

neuronal precursors; maturing neurons; stem cells

βIII-tubulin, MAP2, NeuN synaptophysyn, NMDA receptors [34] Nestin, SSEA1

6.

Astroglia genesis

10-

aggregation of neurons; fasciculation of neurites; astroglia genesis; proliferation of basal cells

interconnected neuronal aggregates on the monolayer of basal cells

a variety of differentiated neurons; astrocytes; stem cells

βIII-tubulin, MAP2, NeuN, synaptophysyn, NMDA receptors [34] GFAP, S100β [22] and data not show Nestin, SSEA1