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Table 6 Hypobranchial muscles of adults of representative actinopterygian taxa, including the zebrafish. The nomenclature of the muscles shown in bold follows that of the present work. Data compiled from evidence provided by developmental biology, comparative anatomy, experimental embryology and molecular biology, innervation and phylogeny (for more details, see text).

From: Development of mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles in the zebrafish: homologies and evolution of these muscles within bony fishes and tetrapods

Probable plesiomorphic osteichthyan condition

Cladistia: Polypterus bichir (Bichir)

Chondrostei: Psephurus gladius (Chinese swordfish)

Ginglymodi: Lepisosteus osseus (Longnose gar)

Halecomorphi: Amia calva (Bowfin)

Teleostei – basal: Elops saurus (Ladyfish)

Teleostei – clupeocephalan: Danio rerio (Zebrafish)

Coracomandibularis

Branchiomandibularis (*modified from coracomandibularis)

Branchiomandibularis (*see cell on the left)

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Branchiomandibularis (*see cells on the left)

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Sternohyoideus

Sternohyoideus

Sternohyoideus

Sternohyoideus

Sternohyoideus

Sternohyoideus

Sternohyoideus