Table 1 Brief summary of the mandibular (man), hyoid (hyo) and hypobranchial (hyp) muscles found in the adult zebrafish, their attachments and main functions.
Name | Origin | Insertion | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
Intermandibularis anterior (man) | dentary bone (mandible) | dentary bone of other side of body (mandible) | joins the two mandibles |
Protractor hyoideus (man + hyo: intermandibularis posterior + interhyoideus) | ventral and dorsal portions: ventromesial surface of dentary bone (mandible) | ventral portion: anterior ceratohyal and ventral hypohyal; dorsal portion: anterior ceratohyal (hyoid arch) | mainly elevation of hyoid bars, as well as depression of mandible (mouth opening) |
Adductor mandibulae A2 (man) | preopercle, hyomandibula and metapterygoid (suspensorium) | coronomeckelian bone (mandible) | the adductor mandibulae complex is mainly related with mouth closure, but the maxillary component A0 can also play a central role in the mouth protrusion mechanisms of the zebrafish (see text) |
Adductor mandibulae A1-OST (man) | preopercle and quadrate (suspensorium) | angulo-articular and dentary bone (mandible) | Â |
Adductor mandibulae A0 (man) | preopercle and quadrate (suspensorium) | maxilla (upper jaw) | Â |
Adductor mandibulae Aω (man) | mesial surface of angulo-articular and dentary bone (mandible) | tendon of adductor mandibulae A2 |  |
Levator arcus palatini (man) | sphenotic (neurocranium) | metapterygoid and hyomandibula (suspensorium) | suspensorial elevation/abduction |
Dilatator operculi (man) | frontal and pterotic (neurocranium) and hyomandibula (suspensorium) | anterodorsal surface of opercle | opercular abduction (opening) |
Hyohyoideus inferior (hyo) | anterior ceratohyals (hyoid arch) | mesial aponeurosis, meeting its contralateral counterpart | adduction of the hyoid arch (see text) |
Hyohyoideus abductor (hyo) | first branchiostegal ray | mesial aponeurosis, meeting its contralateral counterpart | expansion of branchiostegal membrane |
Hyohyoidei adductores (hyo) | opercle and subopercle | branchiostegal rays | constriction of branchiostegal membrane |
Adductor operculi (hyo) | pterotic (neurocranium) | posterodorsal surface of opercle | opercular adduction (closure) |
Adductor arcus palatini (hyo) | parasphenoid (neurocranium) | mesial sides of hyomandibula, metapterygoid and entopterygoid (suspensorium) | suspensorial adduction |
Adductor hyomandibulae X (hyo) | parasphenoid (neurocranium) | mesial side of hyomandibula (suspensorium) | hyomandibular adduction |
Levator operculi (hyo) | ventrolateral margin of pterotic (neurocranium) | dorsomesial edge of opercle | jaw depression (its force of contraction is transmitted through the opercular series and the interoperculo-mandibular ligament to the lower jaw: see text) |
Sternohyoideus (hyp) | anterior region of cleithrum (pectoral girdle) | urohyal (associated with hyoid arch) | plays a major role in hyoid depression, and, through a series of mechanical linkages, in mouth opening and suspensorial abduction |