NF-κB DNA-binding activity in embryos responding to a teratogen, cyclophosphamide

Table 1 Effect of cyclophosphamide (CP) and sodium salicylate (NaSAL) on embryonic development

INDICES	Groups (treatment/ CP dose)
	CP 40 mg/kg	CP 15 mg/kg	NaSAL	NaSAL+ CP 15 mg/kg	Control
Litters examined	10	11	12	10	10
Implantation sites/litter	11.3	10.9	11.5	11.6	10.8
Live fetuses/litter	2.5	9.7	10.3	9.8	9.8
Resorptions % arcsine (M ± SE)	77.9^* 60.5 ± 3.1^a	10.8 21.8 ± 2.6^b	10.9 21.8 ± 3.2^b	15.5 25.2 ± 3.4^b	9.2 20.6 ± 2.8 ^b
Fetal weight (M ± SE)	0.26 ± 0.02^a	0.60 ± 0.04 ^b	0.74 ± 0.03 ^c	0.44 ± 0.03^d	0.75 ± 0.02^c
Fetuses with external structural anomalies
Total examined malformed (%) arcsine (M ± SE)	25 25(100) 76.9 ± 1.6^a	107 76(71.0) 56.3 ± 4.1 ^b	123 0 8.7 ± 0.3 ^c	98 98 (100) 81.1 ± 1.3^a	98 0 8.9 ± 0.4^c
Types of anomalies
Craniofacial anomalies (%) arcsine (M ± SE)	25(100) 76.9 ± 1.6^a	5 (4.7) 13.7 ± 4.2^b	0 8.7 ± 0.3 ^b	65 (66.3) 53.7 ± 4.9^c	0 8.9 ± 0.4 ^b
Limb reduction anomalies (%) arcsine (M ± SE)	25(100) 76.9 ± 1.6^a	5 (4.7) 13.7 ± 4.2^b	0 8.7 ± 0.3 ^b	70(71.4) 56.5 ± 5.1^c	0 8.9 ± 0.4 ^b
Digit anomalies (%) arcsine (M ± SE)	0 13.1 ± 0.6^a	71 (66.3) 53.7 ± 3.6^b	0 8.7 ± 0.3^a	28 (28.6) 33.5 ± 4.5^c	0 8.9 ± 0.4^a
Tail anomalies (%) arcsine (M ± SE)	25(100) 76.9 ± 1.6^a	76(71.0) 60.6 ± 3.1^b	0 8.7 ± 0.3 ^c	98 (100) 81.1 ± 1.3^a	0 8.9 ± 0.4^c
Trunk anomalies (%) arcsine (M ± SE)	25(100) 76.9 ± 1.6^a	3 (2.8) 12.4 ± 2.0 ^b	0 8.7 ± 0.3 ^b	36 (36.7) 38.0 ± 3.6^C	0 8.9 ± 0.4 ^b

The percentage of resorptions and malformed fetuses presented in Table 1 was calculated using the implantation site and the fetus, respectively, as independent variables. Arcsine values were calculated on a litter basis and analyzed statistically by GT-2 method. Means not sharing common superscripts are significantly different. The description of craniofacial, limb reduction, digit, tail and trunk anomalies registered in fetuses of a given group is presented in the text. ^*- In 4 litters the resorption rate reached 100%.

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