Figure 4

Retinoic acid regulates TGFβ2 in chicken heart forming cell culture. Primary heart forming region cells from 3–5 ss chicken embryos were grown in culture for 3 d in either DMEM or Endo-Grow (Endo) media in the presence or absence of added retinoic acid (RA). (A) Relative quantification of TGFβ2 total protein in the cultivation media in comparison to control cells with no added RA. (B) Relative quantification of TGFβ2 mRNA in comparison to control cells with no added RA. Standard deviations are indicated by error bars. The differences in comparison to the control at significance level p < 0.05 are marked by (*), at p < 0.005 by (**); at p < 0.0001 by (***).